jueves, 1 de septiembre de 2011

¿Por quién doblan las campanas? de Ernest Hemingway

Autor: Ernest  Hemingway

Reseña escrita por Fernando  Pineda

La novela ¿Por quién doblan las campanas?, cuyo título original es For whom the bell tolls, fue publicada en Estados Unidos, una vez concluida la guerra en España, cuando Ernest Hemingway retornó a su país, después de pasar tres años en Madrid sirviendo tareas como reportero para un periódico canadiense. En España, se publicó la primera traducción de la obra en 1969 y, desde entonces, pueden encontrarse muchas ediciones por diferentes editoriales, así como traducciones a otras lenguas.

El estilo de Hemingway es certero y pormenorizado; en esta obra, el arte novelístico del escritor sabe modelar como ningún otro el antagonismo entre la vida y la muerte, el amor recientemente desenmascarado por el protagonista con la certidumbre de la destrucción pronta, inaplazable .La simbiosis de hechos y lugares reales más el resultado de la imaginación del autor es singularmente emotiva. El título de la obra está inspirado en una frase de John Donne: "Nadie es una isla, completo en sí mismo; cada hombre es un pedazo del continente, una parte de la tierra; si el mar se lleva una porción de tierra, toda Europa queda disminuida, como si fuera un promontorio, o la casa de uno de tus amigos, o la tuya propia; la muerte de cualquier hombre me disminuye, porque estoy ligado a la humanidad; por consiguiente, nunca hagas preguntar por quién doblan las campanas, ¡Doblan por ti!".La acción de la novela se despliega en España durante la Guerra Civil y narra la historia de un joven dinamitero, Robert Jordan, un profesor de español oriundo de Montana que lucha en el bando republicano. 

Publicada en 1940, narra las aventuras de Robert Jordan, un escritor y combatiente estadounidense cuya misión radica en relacionarse con los guerrilleros para volar un puente y facilitar la estrategia militar republicana. Jordan se relaciona con el líder guerrillero, Pablo, con  Pilar, su compañera y con una muchacha que escapaba de los horrores de la guerra, llamada María (había presenciado el fusilamiento de sus padres).

Dentro de él se está expidiendo la muerte como parte de su destino. El protagonista, Robert Jordan, se basa en la vida del profesor norteamericano Robert Merriman, quien no pudo sobrevivir a la guerra, y a quien Ernest y su compañera encontraron y conocieron en Valencia. Por quién doblan las campanas está narrada por un fervoroso simpatizante de la causa republicana, pero evade la simpleza de la novela militante y brinda uno de los primeros documentos sobre las traiciones y la inoperancia que liquidaron a quienes defendían al gobierno legítimo de España. Edmund Wilson, que había acusado a Hemingway de ser esquemático en sus análisis históricos, celebró la complejidad ideológica de Por quién doblan las campanas.

 Rodeado del bosque, Jordan se transforma de un comunista puro y duro en un escéptico que atestigua dobleces y confusiones. En octubre de 1940, apenas publicada la novela, Wilson escribió con voz tronante: "El deportista de caza mayor, el superman marino, el estalinista del Hotel Florida, el hombre de posturas limitadas y febriles se ha evaporado como las fantasías del alcohol. Hemingway, el artista, ha regresado, algo que equivale a recuperar a un viejo amigo."En el prefacio a La gran cruzada, del escritor alemán Gustav Regler, quien también siguió apasionadamente la contienda, Hemingway escribió: "La Guerra Civil española fue la etapa más feliz de nuestras vidas. Por quién doblan las campanas registra la época en que los ideales estaban intactos y el doloroso atardecer en que fueron acribillados. La guerra de España confirmó a Hemingway en su postura antifascista, pero también le sirvió de revulsivo contra las certezas ideológicas: "Me gustan los comunistas como soldados pero no como sacerdotes", le dijo a Joseph North. Por quien doblan las campanas ……es quizás, uno de los mejores libros escritos por Ernest Hemingway.

 Es bien conocida la rama periodística por la que siempre destacó el escritor norteamericano, siendo de gran calidad dichos artículos periodísticos como la extensa colección de cuentos que nos dejó como legado. Ernest Hemingway trabajó como reportero durante la guerra civil Española y fue allí donde siempre se mostró a favor de la causa republicana. Es por ello que este libro narra la historia de un grupo de guerrilleros de la república acorralados en las montañas donde esperan la llegada de un dinamitero “Robert Jordan”. De nacionalidad norteamericano Jordán participo en la guerra como voluntario y resultó alistado por la República para volar un puente. Robert Jordan llega al campamento orientado por Anselmo, un viejo cazador que se vio atrapado en la revolución y que esta al tanto de los escondrijos de aquellas montañas.

 Por otra parte los personajes, en forma de monólogo interior, exponen sus temores ante la batalla, ante la muerte, el dilema que co9nlleva tener que matar a alguien y especialmente una permanente duda ante la visión del futuro. ¿Cómo será el futuro cuando todo termine?. Una gran novela que lleva el inconfundible estilo de Ernest Hemingway.

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